Integrated Air-Ground-Space Water Pollution Monitoring Technology: Research Progress and Future Prospects

Abstract

Water pollution issues have become increasingly severe due to accelerated industrialization, and traditional monitoring methods face challenges such as insufficient coverage and poor timeliness. With advancements in computer technology and the widespread application of high-tech tools like drones, some researchers are exploring integrated air-ground-space monitoring systems for more precise water pollution monitoring and management. This paper systematically reviews the progress in the integrated application of satellite remote sensing, drone sensing, and ground IoT technologies, and analyzes breakthrough directions in key areas such as multi-source data intelligent fusion and dynamic pollution response. Research findings include: Hyperspectral satellites can achieve water quality parameter inversion at a 30m resolution; UAV-mounted LiDAR point cloud density reaches 200 points per square meter, significantly improving pollution source tracing accuracy; edge computing enables accelerated on-site data processing, while digital twin technology supports real-time pollution diffusion simulation, collectively reducing emergency response time to within 20 minutes. Future challenges include the domestic production of micro-sensors and data security in multi-cloud architectures, which will drive the large-scale application of these technologies in water environment governance.